Organophosphate esters in indoor and outdoor dust from Iraq: Implications for human exposure

Concentrations of 6 organophosphate esters (OPEs) were determined in 60 indoor (ID) and outdoor (OD) dust samples collected from 20 homes Basrah, Iraq. From each home, two ID collected, one elevated surfaces (ESD) the floor (FD) living room; while OD front yard same house. Total Σ6OPEs concentrations ranged between 681 17900 ng/g with median 5950, 3590 1550 ESD, FD samples, respectively. Chlorinated OPEs most abundant compounds, contributing mean percentages 88%, 85% 78% to OD, respectively, tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) dominant. our target ESD significantly exceeded those (p < 0.05) for (2-chloroethyl) (TCEP) (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) (TDCIPP). Ratios ID:OD 1.5 tri-n-butyl (TNBP) 8.0 TCEP, indicating significance sources. chlorinated moderately correlated (R = 0.522–0.591, P suggesting interchange environments. houses a contiguous car porch without higher (P TCIPP 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl (EHDPP). Emissions parked cars associated home are likely sources area. Based on reported here, estimated daily intake (EDI) Iraqi population through house ingestion all well below relevant reference dose (RfD) values.